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A Guide to Mobile Processors
Focusing on application processors

Fourth Edition

Published August 2012

Authors: Linley Gwennap, Kevin Krewell, J. Scott Gardner

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Pages: 229

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The Place for Cool Processors

The hottest market right now is for the coolest processors. That's right, low-power but speedy processors are needed for the newest handheld gadgets, including smartphones, tablet computers, e-book readers, personal navigation devices (PND) and medical equipment. These processors can also be used in other low-power applications such as automotive in-dash systems, smart meters and digital signage.

Mobile processors are experiencing rapid growth in both performance and unit shipments. We expect the combined shipments of smartphones and tablets, the two biggest markets for mobile processors, to grow 43% in 2012. During this year, high-end mobile systems will increasingly convert to quad-core processors at speeds of 1.5GHz or more, doubling CPU performance from last year’s devices. Next-generation processors are using faster clock speeds, new microarchitectures such as Cortex-A15 and Krait, and 28nm technology to achieve even greater performance. Graphics performance is also rising through the use of multicore GPUs.

"A Guide to Mobile Processors" covers application and integrated processors designed for handheld equipment. Companies covered include Qualcomm (SnapDragon), Nvidia (Tegra), Texas Instruments (OMAP), Intel (Atom), Samsung (Exynos), Broadcom (Merlyn), Freescale (i.MX), Marvell (PXA), Mediatek, Renesas Mobile, ST-Ericsson (NovaThor), and ZiiLabs. 

Make Informed Decisions

As the leading vendor of technology analysis for mobile and wireless chips, The Linley Group has the expertise to deliver a comprehensive look at this burgeoning market. Analysts Linley Gwennap, Kevin Krewell and J. Scott Gardner use their extensive experience in the processor market to deliver the technical and strategic information you need to make informed business decisions.

Whether you are looking for an innovative solution for your design, a vendor to partner with, or a rising company to invest in, this report will cut your research time and save you money. Get the inside scoop on this major market. Order “A Guide to Mobile Processors" today.

  • Engineers who need to select a processor for a mobile device
  • Marketing and engineering staff at companies that sell mobile processors or products that work with mobile processors
  • Technology professionals who want an introduction to mobile technology and mobile processors
  • Financial analysts who desire a detailed analysis and comparison of mobile-processor companies and their chances of success
  • Press and public relations professionals who need to get up to speed on this mobile products and technology


Don’t wait! Get your copy now to track the latest developments in this fast-paced market!

What's New in This Edition

"A Guide to Mobile Processors" has been extensively updated to cover the announcements made since the previous edition.

Here are some of the many additions you will find:

  • Qualcomm’s expanded lineup of 11 Krait processors.
  • Samsung’s quad-core Exynos 4412 and Cortex-A15 based 5250.
  • Nvidia’s quad-core Tegra 3 processor.
  • Intel’s Medfield: full specs, performance data, and customer update.
  • ST-Ericsson’s revised roadmap of application processors (A9540) and NovaThor line of integrated processors (U8520, L8540).
  • Marvell’s new integrated processors, the PXA986 and PXA988.
  • Texas Instruments’ next-generation OMAP5 and the new OMAP 4470.
  • Qualcomm’s 40nm Cortex-A5 processors for low-cost smartphones.
  • MediaTek’s first 3G smartphone processor, the MT6573.
  • Broadcom’s new BCM28145 and BCM21654G.
  • Freescale’s expanded i.MX6 family.
  • Intel’s Atom-based Cedar Trail and Clover Trail for tablets.
  • GPU performance comparison for all processors using GLBenchmark.
  • Updates on design wins, financials, strategies, and roadmaps for all vendors.
  • Updated market share and market forecast for application processors.



Smartphones and tablet computers are the most popular mobile devices today, outselling personal media players (PMPs), e-book readers, personal navigation devices (PNDs), and other single-function devices. All of these mobile devices require an advanced proces­sor that supports a sophis­ti­cated user interface and various applications.

These mobile processors, like the devices they serve, are evolving rapidly. To enable faster web browsing and better performance for the latest mobile games, almost all of the newest processors support two or more CPUs. Within the next year, some high-end processors will support peak speeds over 2.0GHz, allowing the next generation of mobile devices to encroach on the performance level of low-end PCs. Most mobile pro­cessors can display and record high-definition (HD) video; some can han­dle 3D video content as well. To support console-like games, they include powerful 3D-graphics accelerators (GPUs) that consume a growing share of the semiconductor real estate.

We divide mobile processors into two types. Standalone application pro­ces­sors serve as the main CPU in a mobile device, running the operating system and application software; they accelerate multimedia tasks and connect to displays and cameras. Integrated smartphone processors combine the application processor and cellular baseband on a single chip.

We estimate that 551 million processors shipped into smartphones in 2011, the second straight year that the market has grown more than 60%. We expect shipments to climb to 732 million processors in 2012 as smart­phones account for 37% of all handset shipments. The smart­phone market is on track to exceed one billion units per year by 2015.

More than half of all smartphones used an integrated processor in 2011, and we expect this share to increase again in 2013 and beyond. Integrated processors reduce system cost and are more appropriate for low-end and midrange smartphones, segments that are growing rapidly.

Excluding these integrated processors and in-house designs from Apple and others, shipments of third-party standalone application processor (AP) chips totaled 248 million in 2011. Increasing ship­ments of non-Apple tablets will help push AP shipments to 310 million units in 2012. Because of higher volumes in smartphones, along with a rising average selling price (ASP) as tablets displace low-cost e-readers, total application-processor revenue grew by 79% in 2011, exceeding $2.0 billion.

Qualcomm is the leading vendor of mobile processors, powering more smartphones (30% in 2011) than any other processor supplier. We expect Qualcomm to gain another 2% market share in 2012. The company has benefited from the trend toward integration, and its Snapdragon family appears in smartphones such as the HTC One S, LG Optimus LTE2, and Samsung Galaxy S III. Qualcomm’s Krait CPU allows the company to differentiate itself from processor vendors relying on standard CPU cores from ARM.

Texas Instruments (TI) has been a dominant supplier of application processors, but the company’s market share dropped to 8% in 2011. Its OMAP processors appeared in popular phones such as the Palm Pre and Motorola Droid, and its OMAP4 earned high-profile wins in tablets such as the Amazon Kindle Fire and the Barnes & Noble Nook. With OMAP5 processors targeting a speed of 2.0GHz, we expect TI to have an early performance lead over other vendors (such as Samsung) that rely on ARM’s Cortex-A15 CPUs running at a lower clock rate.

Nvidia gained notoriety and many high-end design wins by being first to market with a dual-core applica­tion processor, Tegra 2. The company was also able to achieve an early-mover advantage with its quad-core Tegra 3. Nvidia’s Tegra 3 gained a number of design wins, including smartphones such as the HTC One X and tablets such as the Google Nexus 7. Nvidia does not offer integrated smartphone processors, but that will change as Tegra incorporates baseband technology from its Icera acquisition.

Samsung has rapidly expanded its processor business through use in its own phones and tablets. Its Exynos products deliver leading graphics performance, and the Exynos 5250 will be one of the first Cortex-A15 processors to reach the market. With its third-generation Atom processor (Medfield), Intel has finally broken into the smartphone market, winning designs at Motorola and ZTE. The company’s more powerful Cedar Trail processor targets Windows 8 tablets.

Broadcom has established a low-end presence with its BCM21553 pro­cessor and plans to expand its product lineup later this year. MediaTek is also gaining ground at the low end with products like the MT6577. Marvell’s TD-SCDMA products have gained significant share at China Mobile, but its UMTS products are not competitive in performance and data rates. Struggling financially, ST-Ericsson has retrenched its mobile-processor business to focus only on mainstream smartphones with its U8500 family. Freescale is addressing e-readers and other niche markets with its new i.MX6 processors.

The application-processor market has become crowded with new entrants from the baseband and multimedia markets. Although an application processor can be easily assembled by licensing an ARM CPU and some multimedia accelerators, vendors are differentiating on the basis of CPU per­formance, GPU performance, video capabilities, solution size, power efficiency, and software support. This report examines the announced products using these metrics to determine the best choices for each type of mobile device.

List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Authors
About the Publisher
Preface
Executive Summary
1 Mobile Applications
Wireless Handsets
Types of Handsets
Smartphones
Other Mobile Devices
Tablet Computers
Netbooks, Smartbooks, and Mobile Internet Devices
Electronic-Book Readers
Media Players
Navigation Devices
Fixed Devices
Digital Photo Frames
Digital Signage
2 Mobile Technologies
CPU Microarchitecture
Instruction Issue
Instruction Reordering
Pipelining and Penalties
Caches
Security Standards
Encryption
Hashing
Multimedia Standards
Video Resolution and Frame Rates
Audio Codecs
Video Codecs
Digital-Rights Management
Mobile Digital TV
Graphics Standards
Cellular Technologies
2G Technologies
2.5G Technologies
3G Technologies
3.5G Technologies
4G Technologies
Standard Interfaces
SPI and UART
Memory Cards
Mass-Storage Interfaces
Audio Interfaces
Displays and Sensors
TV Output
USB
Connectivity Technologies
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
GPS
NFC
3 Mobile Processors
What Is an Application Processor?
What Is Not an Application Processor
Common Characteristics
CPU Complex
Audio and Video Engines
Graphics Engine
Imaging Engine
Security Engine
Internal Memory
Memory Controllers
Memory Cards
LCD, Keypad, and Touchscreen Controllers
System Interfaces
Power Management
Packaging
Mobile System Design
Sample Designs
Benchmarks
ARM CPUs
ARM Instruction Set
ARM CPU Cores
4 Market Size and Trends
Market Overview
Handsets
Smartphones
Tablet Computers
Electronic-Book Readers
Other Mobile Devices
Netbooks, Hybrids, and ARM-Based PCs
Market Size and Share
Smartphone Processors
Application Processors
Market Trends and Forecast
Baseband Integration Trend
Application-Processor Forecast
5 Mobile Technology Trends
Smartphone Design Trends
Cameras in Phones
Mobile Video
Screen Size and Resolution
3D-Video Capabilities
Web Content
Noise Cancellation
Processor Design Trends
Functional Integration
Multiple Application CPUs
3D-Graphics Acceleration
Power Trends
System Interfaces
6 Broadcom
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
CPU Subsystem
VideoCore Subsystem
Other Subsystems
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
7 Freescale
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
CPU and Multimedia Subsystem
Graphics Engine
Security Features
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
8 Intel
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Medfield
Clover Trail and Cedar Trail
Internal Architecture
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
9 Marvell
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Application Processors
Integrated Processors
Internal Architecture
CPU Subsystem
Multimedia Engines
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
10 Nvidia
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
11 Qualcomm
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Cortex-A5 Processors
Krait Processors
Standalone Application Processors
Internal Architecture
Krait CPU
Graphics and Multimedia
Cellular and Connectivity Functions
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
12 Samsung
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
CPU Subsystem
Multimedia Subsystem
System Design
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
13 ST-Ericsson
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
14 Texas Instruments
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Internal Architecture
CPU Subsystem
Graphics and Video Engines
Security Engine
System Design
Development Tools
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
15 Other Mobile Processors
Apple
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Product Roadmap
Conclusions
HiSilicon
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
Ingenic
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
LG
MediaTek
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
Nokia
Renesas Mobile
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
Rockchip
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
Via Technologies (WonderMedia)
ZiiLabs
Company Background
Key Features and Performance
Conclusions
Other Vendors
16 Comparing Mobile Processors
How to Read the Tables
Processors for Smartphones
Ultra-Low-Cost Integrated Processors
Low-Cost Integrated Processors
Midrange Integrated Processors
Midrange Application Processors
High-End Processors
Processors for Tablets
Mainstream Tablets
High-End Tablets
Processors for e-Readers
17 Conclusions
Market and Technology Directions
Device Trends
Chip Trends
Vendor Outlook
Qualcomm
Nvidia
Texas Instruments
Other Vendors
Closing Thoughts
Appendix: Further Reading
Index
Figure 1‑1. Handset-market segmentation in 2011.
Figure 2‑1. CPU pipelining examples.
Figure 3‑1. Block diagram of a generic mobile processor.
Figure 3‑2. Video power-consumption comparison.
Figure 3‑3. Standard hard-wired 3D pipeline.
Figure 3‑4. Standard programmable 3D pipeline.
Figure 3‑5. Standard image-processing pipeline.
Figure 3‑6. Stacked-die and package-on-package techniques.
Figure 3‑7. Block diagram of generic smartphone with application processor.
Figure 3‑8. Block diagram of generic tablet computer.
Figure 4‑1. Handset-vendor market share, 2012 (forecast).
Figure 4‑2. Smartphone-vendor market share, 2012 (forecast).
Figure 4‑3. Unit market share for smartphone-processor vendors, 2008-2012.
Figure 4‑4. Unit market share for smartphone-processor vendors, 2011, 2012.
Figure 4‑5. Unit market share for application-processor vendors, 2011, 2012.
Figure 4‑6. Smartphone shipments by AP implementation, 2009-2016.
Figure 4‑7. Application-processor shipment forecast by segment, 2009-2016.
Figure 4‑8. Application-processor revenue and ASP forecast, 2009-2016.
Figure 6‑1. Block diagram of Broadcom BCM2763 in an HD camcorder.
Figure 6‑2. Block diagram of Broadcom BCM21654 in a smartphone.
Figure 6‑3. Block diagram of Broadcom BCM11311 in a Wi-Fi tablet.
Figure 7‑1. Block diagram of Freescale i.MX53.
Figure 7‑2. Block diagram of i.MX6 graphics unit.
Figure 7‑3. Block diagram of Freescale i.MX6 in a tablet computer.
Figure 8‑1. Block diagram of Intel Cedar Trail in a cellular tablet.
Figure 8‑2. Block diagram of Intel Medfield in a smartphone.
Figure 9‑1. Block diagram of Marvell PXA168 in an e-book reader.
Figure 9‑2. Block diagram of Marvell PXA968 in a smartphone.
Figure 10‑1. CPU-usage scenarios in Tegra 3.
Figure 10‑2. Block diagram of Nvidia Tegra 3 processor in a tablet.
Figure 10‑3. Nvidia's revised Tegra processor roadmap.
Figure 11‑1. Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 variations.
Figure 11‑2. Block diagram of Qualcomm MSM8960 in a smartphone.
Figure 12‑1. Block diagram of Samsung Exynos 4 in a smartphone.
Figure 12‑2. Block diagram of Samsung Exynos 5 in a tablet.
Figure 13‑1. Block diagram of ST-Ericsson U8500 smartphone platform.
Figure 14‑1. High-level block diagram of Texas Instruments OMAP5.
Figure 14‑2. Block diagram of TI OMAP5 in a smartphone.
Figure 15‑1. Die-size comparison of Apple A5 and A5X.
Figure 15‑2. High-level block diagram of ZMS-40.
Figure 17‑1. Performance comparison of mobile processors, 2011-2013.
Table 2‑1. Standard screen sizes.
Table 2‑2. Cellular technologies and data rates.
Table 4‑1. Unit and revenue market share for application processors, 2011.
Table 6‑1. Key parameters for Broadcom ARM11 mobile processors.
Table 6‑2. Key parameters for Broadcom Cortex-A9 mobile processors.
Table 7‑1. Summary of Freescale i.MX products.
Table 7‑2. Key parameters for Freescale high-performance i.MX processors.
Table 7‑3. Key parameters for Freescale i.MX6 processors.
Table 8‑1. Market segments and code-names for Intel Atom processors.
Table 8‑2. Key parameters for Intel Atom smartphone and tablet processors.
Table 9‑1. Key parameters for Marvell PXA application processors.
Table 9‑2. Key parameters for Marvell PXA integrated processors.
Table 10‑1. Key parameters for Nvidia Tegra application processors.
Table 11‑1. Key parameters for selected Qualcomm Cortex-A5 processors.
Table 11‑2. Key parameters for selected Qualcomm Krait-based processors.
Table 12‑1. Key parameters for selected Samsung application processors.
Table 13‑1. Key parameters for ST-Ericsson Nova application processors.
Table 13‑2. Key parameters for ST-Ericsson NovaThor processors.
Table 14‑1. Key parameters for Texas Instruments OMAP4 processors.
Table 14‑2. Key parameters for Texas Instruments OMAP5 processors.
Table 15‑1. Mobile-processor vendors and their products.
Table 15‑2. Key parameters for Apple processors.
Table 15‑3. Key parameters for HiSilicon K3V2 smartphone processor.
Table 15‑4. Key parameters for MediaTek smartphone processors.
Table 15‑5. Key parameters for Renesas Mobile smartphone processors.
Table 15‑6. Key parameters for Rockchip processors.
Table 15‑7. Key parameters for ZiiLabs ZMS application processors.
Table 16‑1. Comparison of ARM11-class integrated smartphone processors.
Table 16‑2. Comparison of single-core Cortex-class integrated smartphone pro-cessors.
Table 16‑3. Comparison of dual-CPU integrated smartphone processors.
Table 16‑4. Comparison of dual-CPU application processors in 2011.
Table 16‑5. Comparison of dual-CPU application processors in 2012.
Table 16‑6. Comparison of high-performance application processors for smart-phones.
Table 16‑7. Comparison of dual-CPU application processors for tablets.
Table 16‑8. Comparison of dual-CPU application processors for tablets.
Table 16‑9. Comparison of high-performance app processors for tablets.
Table 16‑10. Comparison of processors for e-book readers.

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